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My Y chromosome results identify me as a member of haplogroup R1b1b2a1a1d1* (ISOGG)
[M405/U106/S21/L48/S162/L47/L44-] (FTDNA)
Earliest known Y-DNA ancestor is Johann Koenrad Löwenstein
Birth: ±1700 -- Darmstadt, Germany
Death: 21 October 1783 -- Deventer, The Netherlands
Darmstadt: 49.8710°N, 8.6490°E
Darmstadt is situated in the southern part of Hesse, which is in western-central Germany. It contains a cluster around Frankfurt of U106/L48 and this may fit with the idea that this group migrated via the Danube and up the Rhine.
Since the early 1700's all members of the Lowensteyn / Lowensteijn family have lived in The Netherlands, although a few have emigrated to Canada and New Zealand during the later part of the previous century and even more recently.
This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker L48/S162/ and is also known as R1b1b2a1a4 (by Family Tree DNA - FTDNA). It is the largest subclade of R1b1b2a1a1. As of May 15, 2009, based on FTDNA tests of samples from 256 people, L48 was detected in 146, or 57.0% of those tested. From among those with L48+ results, 90% have DYS390 of 23 or less, while 10% a value of 24 or more. Among those tested L48-, 16% have DYS390 of 23 or less, while 84% a value of 24 or more. Therefore, there seems to be a correlation between values of 23 or lower for DYS390 and L48+, among those tested U106+. The age of L48 is around 2,900-3,100 years old. (From Wikipedia)
R1b1b2a1a1d has a subclade R1b1b2a1a1d1 (defined by the marker L47). For more information on R1b1b2a1a1d1 see Wikipedia
As the research and the debates continue, the age and origins of R1b1b2a1a1d1 change all the time.
It now seems that R1b-U106 arose in central Europe, perhaps around Austria, and migrated to northern Europe, especially up the Rhine River, which ends up in the Netherlands, not too far from Frisia.
A problem with these theories is that they look at modern populations, not the populations of Europe about 4,000 years ago, when R1b-U106 is likely to have been "born."
There is also the problem that what we do know about R1b-U106 and its distribution in the present population of Europe is the result of a self-selection process in the testing. Most of the tests are from Americans and most Americans are descended from British Isles ancestors and perhaps secondarily from German ancestors. What would we know about the distribution of R1b-U106 in modern European locations if more people with eastern European, French, Spanish and Italian ancestry were tested? Recent testing in the Netherlands and Flanders seems to support Central European origin of R1b-U106.
A study entitled "Phylogeography of human Y chromosome haplogroup R1b1b2 (R-M269) in Europe" was released at a recent European population genetics conference. This study tested over 2,000 European men for both U106 and U152, two of the major subclades of R1b1b2 in Europe. Here are two quotes from this study's abstract: "The paragroup R1b1b2*(xR1b1b2g, R1b1b2h) and the haplogroups R1b1b2g and R1b1b2h showed quite different frequency distribution patterns within Europe, with frequency peaks in the Iberian Peninsula, northern Europe and northern Italy/France, respectively." It also found that the "overall frequency pattern of R1b1b2 haplogroup is suggestive of multiple events of migration and expansion within Europe rather than a single and uniform spread of people from an Iberian Ice-age refugium." R1b1b2g is the old name for R1b1b2a1a, defined by U106, and R1b1b2h is the old name for R1b1b2a1b4, defined by U152.
However, this study will still not solve the problem of extrapolating from modern populations to the original R1b-U106 population 3-4,000 years ago, which by the way was before there were such things as "Germanic tribes," such as the Saxons or Frisians. (Mike Maddi)
Interesting R migration theory map by Charles Moore
Cross-references for U106 and P312 subclades by Charles Moore (Excel file)
The American Society of Human Genetics Releases Statement on Genetic Ancestry Testing at 58th Annual MeetingASHG Statement Provides Framework for Understanding the Issues andImplications,
Includes Recommendations Regarding Ancestry Assessment.
The American Society of Human Genetics
Ancestry Testing Statement
November 13, 2008
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FTDNA DYS markers
(click on image for enlargement)
FTDNA Haplo Tree
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(click on image for enlargement)
See also:
It is important to realize that one receives one's Y-DNA from the father, who got it from his father, who got it from his father, and so on. Since mothers do not have Y-chromosomes to pass down in any generation, testing the Y-DNA only traces the paternal line, but no other. This means that any ancestry from the mother’s side, father's mother’s side, grandfather's mother’s side, and so on, is not represented in the Y-DNA. As a result, tracing this line can only lead to one origin, and doesn't provide any breakdown of various ethnic origins that may have come from other ancestors.
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PETER LOWENSTEYN (1935) - HAPLOGROUP T2
mtDNA(HVR1) and mtDNAPlus(HVR2) results indicate Haplogroup T2
My earliest mtDNA known ancestor is Enneken Geelink
Baptism: 11 October 1658 -- Winterswijk, The Netherlands
Death: 13 December 1746 -- Corle, (Winterswijk), The Netherlands
Winterswijk: 51.9670°N - 6.7170°E
51° 58' 0" N - 6° 43' 0" E
The International Society of Genetic Genealogy gives the following standardized description about mtDNA Haplogroup T and two of its main subclades:
"The mitochondrial Haplogroup T is best characterized as a European lineage. With an origin in the Near East greater than 45,000 years ago, the major sub-lineages of Haplogroup T entered Europe around the time of the Neolithic 10,000 years ago. Once in Europe, these sub-lineages underwent a dramatic expansion associated with the arrival of agriculture in Europe. Today, we find Haplogroup T*, the root Haplogroup for Haplogroup T, widely distributed in Europe."
About subclade T1 they write: "The origin of Haplogroup T1 dates to at least 6,000 years ago, and today, we find Haplogroup T1 distributed in populations living in southeast, central, and northwestern Europe."
Regarding subclade T2: "Haplogroup T2 is one of the older sub-lineages and may have been present in Europe as early as the Late Upper Palaeolithic."
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The Genographic Project states that early people with Haplogroup T were likely some of the first organized agriculturalists and pastoralists, and that they probably comprised the group which first brought settled agriculture and pastoralism on to the European continent, bringing the "Neolithic Revolution" to Europe; they write: "Although the haplogroup was present during the early and middle Upper Paleolithic, [Haplogroup] T is generally considered one of the main genetic signatures of the Neolithic expansions. While groups of hunter-gatherers and subsistence fishermen had been occupying much of Eurasia for tens of thousands of years, around ten thousand years ago a group of modern humans living in the Fertile Crescent-present day eastern Turkey and northern Syria-began domesticating the plants, nuts, and seeds they had been collecting. What resulted were the world's first agriculturalists, and this new cultural era is typically referred to as the Neolithic. Groups of individuals able to support larger populations with this reliable food source began migrating out of the Middle East, bringing their new technology with them. By then, humans had already settled much of the surrounding areas, but this new agricultural technology proved too successful to ignore, and the surrounding groups quickly copied these new immigrants."
DNA data indicate that while these new agriculturalists were incredibly successful at planting their technology in the surrounding groups, they were far less successful at planting their mtDNA seed. Agriculture was quickly and widely adopted, but the mtDNA lineages carried by these Neolithic expansions are found at frequencies seldom greater than 20 percent in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. This is in sharp contrast to their YDNA lineages R1a and R1b which dominate Europe. An interesting explanation on why R1b could have replaced most of the older lineages in Western Europe can be found HERE .
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